Off-road vehicles have an enthusiastic following because of their many uses and versatility. Several types of motorsports Motorsport is the collection of sports which primarily involve the use of motorized vehicles. It was a demonstration event in the 1900 olympics involve racing off-road vehicles. The three largest "4 wheel vehicle" off-road types of competitions are Rally, Desert Racing Desert racing is the act of racing through the desert in a 2 or 4 wheeled off-road vehicle. Races, which are generally comprised of two or more loops around a course covering up to 40 miles, can take the form of Hare and Hound or Hare scramble style events, and are often laid out over a long and harsh track through relatively barren terrain, and Rockcrawling.[citation needed] The three largest types of All Terrain Vehicle An all-terrain vehicle , informally referred to as a quad bike or quad, is defined by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) as a vehicle that travels on low pressure tires, with a seat that is straddled by the operator, along with handlebars for steering control. As the name implies, it is designed to handle a wider variety of terrain (ATV An all-terrain vehicle , informally referred to as a quad bike or quad, is defined by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) as a vehicle that travels on low pressure tires, with a seat that is straddled by the operator, along with handlebars for steering control. As the name implies, it is designed to handle a wider variety of terrain) / Motorcycle A motorcycle is a single-track, two-wheeled motor vehicle. Motorcycles vary considerably depending on the task for which they are designed, such as long distance travel, navigating congested urban traffic, cruising, sport and racing, or off-road conditions. Being the most affordable form of motorised transport, in some parts of the world they are competitions are Motocross Motocross is a form of motorcycle sport or all-terrain vehicle racing held on enclosed off road circuits. Motocross is derived from the French, and traces its origins to British scrambling competitions. The name "motocross" is a portmanteau derived from the words "Motorcycle" and "Cross Country", Enduro Enduro is a form of motorcycle sport run on courses that are predominantly off-road. Enduro consists of many different obstacles and challenges. The main type of enduro event, and the format to which the World Enduro Championship is run, is a time-card enduro, whereby a number of stages are raced in a time trial against the clock, and also Desert Racing like Dakar Rallye and Baja 1000 Baja 1000 is an off-road race that takes place on Mexico's Baja California Peninsula in the fall. The event includes various types of vehicle classes such as small and large bore motorcycles, stock VW, production vehicles, buggies, trucks, and custom fabricated race vehicles. The course has remained relatively the same over the years with the.[citation needed] The most common use of these vehicles is for sight seeing in areas distant from pavement Road surface or pavement (American English) is the durable surface material laid down on an area intended to sustain traffic (vehicular or foot traffic). Such surfaces are frequently marked to guide traffic. The most common modern paving methods are asphalt and concrete. In the past, brick was extensively used, as was metalling. Today, permeable. The use of higher clearance and higher traction vehicles enables access on trails A trail is a path or road used for walking, cycling, cross-country skiing, or other activities. Some trails are off-limits to everyone other than hikers, and a few trails allow motorized vehicles and forest roads that have rough and low traction surfaces.

Contents

History

Nicholas II' Delaunay-Belleville Automobiles Delaunay-Belleville was a French luxury automobile manufacturer from St. Denis sur Seine, France. At the beginning of the 20th century they were among the most prestigious cars produced in the world, and perhaps the most desirable French marque with Kégresse track

One of the first modified off-road vehicles was the Kégresse track A Kégresse track is a kind of rubber Caterpillar track which uses a flexible belt rather than interlocking metal segments. It can be fitted to a conventional car or truck to turn it into a half-track, suitable for use over rough or soft ground. Conventional front wheels and steering are used, a conversion undertaken first by Adolphe Kégresse Adolphe Kégresse was a French military engineer, inventor of the half-track and twin-clutch gearbox, who designed the original while working for Tsar Tsar or czar (Bulgarian цар, Russian: царь , Ukrainian: цар, in Serbian: цар / car, in scientific transliteration respectively car' and car), occasionally spelled csar or tzar in English, is a Slavic term with Bulgarian origins used to designate certain monarchs. The first ruler to adopt the title tsar was Simeon I of Bulgaria Nicholas II of Russia Nicholas II (18 May [O.S. 6 May] 1868 – 17 July 1918) was the last Emperor of Russia, Grand Duke of Finland, and claimed the title of King of Poland. His official title was Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias and he is currently regarded as Saint Nicholas the Passion Bearer by the Russian Orthodox Church between 1906 and 1916[2]. The system uses an unusual caterpillar track Continuous tracks are large tracks used on the so-called caterpillar tanks, construction equipment and certain other off-road vehicles. Unlike the Kégresse tracks which use a flexible belt, most continuous tracks are made of a number of rigid units that are joined to each other. The tracks help the vehicle to distribute its weight more evenly which uses a flexible belt rather than interlocking metal segments. It can be fitted to a conventional car or truck to turn it into a half-track A half-track is a civilian or military vehicle with regular wheels on the front for steering, and caterpillar tracks on the back to propel the vehicle and carry most of the load. The purpose of this combination is to produce a vehicle with the cross-country capabilities of a tank and the handling of a wheeled vehicle. It is not difficult for, suitable for use over rough or soft ground. Conventional front wheels and steering are used.

After the Russian Revolution of 1917 The Russian Revolution is the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union. In the first revolution in February 1917 the Czar was deposed and replaced with the Provisional government, and in the second revolution in October the Provisional Government was removed and Kégresse returned to his native France France (pronounced /ˈfræns/ or /ˈfrɑːns/; French: [fʁɑ̃s]), officially the French Republic (French: République française, pronounced: [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the where the system was used on Citroën Citroën is a French automobile manufacturer. Founded in 1919 by André Citroën, it was the world's first mass-production car company outside of the USA. Since 1976 it has been part of PSA Peugeot Citroën, and its headquarters is on rue Fructidor, Paris cars between 1921 and 1937 for off-road and military vehicles. The Citroën company sponsored several overland expeditions with their vehicles crossing North Africa North Africa or more correctly Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, linked by the Sahara to Sub-Saharan Africa. Geopolitically, the UN definition of Northern Africa includes the following seven countries or territories; and Central Asia Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east, and from southern Russia in the north to northern India in the south. It is also sometimes known as Middle Asia or Inner Asia, and is within the scope of the wider Eurasian continent. Various definitions of its exact composition exist and no one.

After World War II World War II, or the Second World War , was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including all of the great powers, organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. The war involved the mobilization of over 100 million military personnel, making it the most widespread war in history a huge surplus of light off-road vehicles like the Jeep Jeep is an automobile marque of Chrysler. It is the oldest off-road vehicle (also sport utility vehicle - SUV) brand, with Land Rover coming in second. The original vehicle which first appeared as the prototype Bantam BRC became the primary light 4-wheel-drive vehicle of the US Army and allies during the World War II and postwar period. Many and heavier lorries were available on the market.[citation needed] The Jeeps in particular were popular with buyers who used them as utility vehicles Vehicles like the Kawasaki's MULE in which a flat bed is added to an all terrain vehicle. Generally used as a maintenance vehicle. This was also the start of off-roading as a hobby. The wartime Jeeps soon wore out, though, and the Jeep company started to produce civilian derivatives, closely followed by similar vehicles from British The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island country, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of Ireland, and many small islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border, sharing it with Land Rover Land Rover is a 4x4, SUV and all-terrain vehicle manufacturer, based in Solihull, West Midlands, England, now operated as part of the Jaguar Land Rover business owned by Tata Motors of India and Japanese Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters which make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which Toyota Toyota Motor Corporation (TYO: 7203) is a multinational corporation headquartered in Japan, and is currently the world's largest automaker. Toyota employs approximately 316,000 people worldwide, Datsun Datsun was an automobile marque. The name was created in 1931 by the DAT Motorcar Co. for a new car model, spelling it as "Datson" to indicate its smaller size when compared to the existing, larger DAT car. Later, in 1933 after Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. took control of DAT Motorcar Co., the last syllable of Datson was changed to "sun&/Nissan Nissan Motor Company, Ltd. (TYO: 7201), shortened to Nissan, is a Japanese multinational automaker headquartered in Japan. It was formerly a core member of the Nissan Group, but has become more independent after its restructuring under Carlos Ghosn (CEO) and Mitsubishi The Mitsubishi Group , Mitsubishi Group of Companies, or Mitsubishi Companies is a Japanese conglomerate consisting of a range of autonomous businesses which share the Mitsubishi brand, trademark and legacy. The Mitsubishi group of companies form a loose entity, the Mitsubishi Keiretsu, which is often referenced in US and Japanese media and. These were all alike; small, compact four wheel drives with at most a small hardtop to protect the occupants from the elements.[citation needed]

From the 1960s more comfortable vehicles, later called SUVs A sport utility vehicle is a generic marketing term for a vehicle similar to a station wagon, but built on a light-truck chassis. Usually equipped with four-wheel drive for on or off-road ability, some SUVs include the towing capacity of a pickup truck with the passenger-carrying space of a minivan. Since SUVs are considered light trucks and often, were produced.[citation needed] First they were popular for many years with rural buyers due to their off-road and load-lugging capabilities.[citation needed] The U.S. Jeep Wagoneer The Jeep Wagoneer was an early sport utility vehicle , produced under varying marques from 1963 to 1991. It was noteworthy for being in production for more than 28 years with only minor mechanical changes. An overhead cam engine, along with independent front suspension (both later discontinued), supplemented with features unheard of in any other 4 and the Ford Bronco It was initially introduced as a competitor for the Jeep CJ-5 and International Harvester Scout. A major redesign based on the Ford F-Series truck in 1978 brought a larger Bronco. Thus, Broncos can generally be divided into two categories: Early Broncos , and full-size Broncos (1978-1996). However, no matter which year it was built, four wheel, the British Range Rover The Range Rover is a four-wheel drive luxury sport utility vehicle produced by Land Rover in the United Kingdom, owned by the India-based Tata Motors. It was first introduced in 1970 and is still in production today. There have so far been three major generations. The original model was known simply as the Range Rover until almost the end of its and the station wagon A station wagon is a passenger automobile with a body style similar to a sedan but with the roofline following the full, sometimes extended rear cargo area, ending with a more vertical door than on a hatchback-bodied Japanese Toyota Land Cruiser The Toyota Land Cruiser is a series of four-wheel drive vehicles produced by the Japanese car maker Toyota Motor Corporation. Design of the Land Cruiser began in 1951 as Toyota's version of a Jeep-like vehicle and production began in 1954. The Land Cruiser has been produced in convertible, hardtop, station wagon, and utility truck versions. It is were early SUV examples, essentially a station wagon body on a light truck Light truck or light duty truck is a classification for trucks or truck-based vehicles with a payload capacity of less than 4,000 pounds frame with four wheel drive Four-wheel drive, 4WD, 4x4 , or AWD ("all wheel drive") is a four-wheeled vehicle with a drivetrain that allows all four wheels to receive torque from the engine simultaneously. While many people associate the term with off-road vehicles, powering all four wheels provides better control in normal road cars on many surfaces, and is an drivetrain In a motor vehicle, the term powertrain or powerplant refers to the group of components that generate power and deliver it to the road surface, water, or air. This includes the engine, transmission, driveshafts, differentials, and the final drive . Sometimes "powertrain" is used to refer to simply the engine and transmission, including.

Technical

Swedish Hägglunds Bv206 Bandvagn 206 is a tracked articulated, all-terrain carrier developed by Hägglunds (now part of BAE Land Systems) for the Swedish Army. It consists of two units, with all four tracks powered. It can carry up to 17 people (6 in the front compartment, 11 in the rear), although the trailer unit can be adapted for different applications (see Variants with wide rubber tracks

To be able to drive off the pavement, off-road vehicles need several characteristics: They need to have a low ground pressure Ground pressure is the pressure exerted on the ground by the tires or tracks of a motorized vehicle, and is one measure of its potential mobility, especially over soft ground. Ground pressure can be measured in pounds per square inch (PSI) or kilopascals (kPa). Ground pressure can be calculated with the formula (loaded weight divided by ground, so not to sink in soft ground, they need ground clearance Ride height is the amount of space between the base of an automobile tire and the underside of the chassis; or, more properly, to the shortest distance between a flat, level surface, and any part of a vehicle other than those parts designed to contact the ground (such as tires, tracks, skis, etc.). Ground clearance is measured with standard to not get hung up on obstacles and they need to keep their wheels or tracks on the ground so as to not lose traction.[citation needed]

Wheeled vehicles accomplish this by having a suitable balance of large or additional tires and tall and flexible suspension.

Tracked vehicles A tracked vehicle is a vehicle that runs on tracks instead of wheels. Typically used as part of an Engineering vehicle once additional attachments have been added accomplish this by having wide tracks and a flexible suspension on the road wheels.[citation needed]

The choice of wheels versus tracks are one of cost and suitability. A tracked drivetrain is more expensive and costly in terms of maintenance. Wheeled drivetrains are cheaper and give a higher top speed. For pure off-road capabilities the tracked drivetrain has the edge.[citation needed]

Most off-road vehicles are fitted with especially low gearing A gear is a component within a transmission device that transmits rotational torque by applying a force to the teeth of another gear or device. A gear is different from a pulley in that a gear is a round wheel that has linkages that mesh with other gear teeth, allowing force to be fully transferred without slippage. Depending on their construction.[citation needed] This allows the operator to make the most of the engine An engine is a mechanical device that produces some form of output from a given input. An engine whose purpose is to produce kinetic energy output from a fuel source is called a prime mover; alternatively, a motor is a device which produces kinetic energy from other forms of energy's available power In physics, power is the rate at which work is performed or energy is transmitted, or the amount of energy required or expended for a given unit of time. As a rate of change of work done or the energy of a subsystem, power is:, while moving through challenging terrain slowly. A combustion engine coupled to a normal gearbox Using the principle of mechanical advantage, a transmission or gearbox provides a speed-torque conversion from a higher speed motor to a slower but more forceful output or vice-versa often has a too high output speed to be usable. The vehicle often has one of two things; either a very low ("granny") first gear (like the all wheel drive Volkswagen Transporter Categories: Volkswagen vehicles | Vans | Pickup trucks versions) or an additional gearbox in-line with the first, called a reduction drive. Some vehicles, like the Bv206 in the picture on the right, also has a torque converter to further reduce the gearing [3].

Many wheeled off road vehicles have all wheel drive, in order to keep traction on slippery surfaces, although in vehicles designed for use both on and off road, this may be switchable so that the vehicle has fewer driven wheels when on the road.

Common off-road vehicles

Jeep in action

Common commercial off-road vehicles include four wheel drive pickup trucks like the Chevrolet Silverado, Ford F-Series, GMC Sierra, Toyota Hilux, Dodge Ram and similar. Also common are light trucks with station wagon-like bodies, which have been very popular since the 1980s. These include Chevrolet Blazer, Dodge Ramcharger, Ford Bronco, Jeep Cherokee, International Scout, Land Rover Defender, Discovery, Range Rover, Nissan Patrol, Nissan Xterra, Land Cruiser and 4Runner.

A number of military vehicles have also seen civilian use, including the Jeep CJ and AM General Hummer. Some, like the early Land Rovers, were adapted to military use from civilian specifications.

Specialised commonly available off-road vehicles include ATVs, or All Terrain Vehicles, dirt bikes, dune buggies, rock crawlers and sandrails.

A typical ATV. The ergonomics are very similar to motorcycles, with a saddle and handlebar.

Heavily modified Chevrolet Blazer typical of the United States hobbyist off-roading scene

Jeep Rubicon Rock Crawling.

Sandrail at Silver Lake Sand Dunes.

Commercial, military and less common off-road vehicles

European militaries and utilities have used Land Rover Defenders, Haflingers, Pinzgauers and Mercedes-Benz Unimogs for all-terrain transportation. Less common is the Portuguese UMM Alter.

The military market for off-road vehicles used to be large, but since the fall of the Iron Curtain in the 1990s it has to some extent dried up. The U.S. Jeep, developed during World War II, coined the word many people use for any type of light off-road vehicle. In the U.S., the Jeep's successor from the 1980s on was the AM General HMMWV. The Eastern Bloc used the GAZ-69 and UAZ-469 in similar roles.

Unimog at IDEF'07 Arms Fair

Two Polish Honkers in Iraq

UMM Alter

Mahindra and Mahindra Classic used by the Indian Army

Soldiers from the 101st Airborne Division test prototype Off-Road Vehicles.

Experimental marsh buggy, 1928, stuck in mud.

Criticism of off-road vehicles

Safety

Main article: Criticism of sport utility vehicles

SUVs are built with higher ground clearance for off-road use and have a higher center of gravity[4], therefore increasing the risk of rollover. Research has shown that whenever an SUV turns, the vehicle's mass resists the turn and carries the weight forward allowing the traction from the tires to create a lateral centripetal force as the vehicle continues through the turn. The conflict between the top weight of the SUV's desire to go straight while the friction of the tires on the road cause the bottom of the vehicle to move away and out from under the vehicle during a turn.[5]

Pickups and SUVs are more likely to be in rollover accident than passenger cars. Pickups have twice the fatality rate of cars and SUVs have nearly triple the fatality rate in rollover accidents.[6] Of vehicles in the US, light trucks (includes SUVs) represent 36 percent of all registered vehicles. They are involved in about half of the fatal two-vehicle crashes with passenger cars, 80 percent of these fatalities are to occupants of the passenger cars.[6]

Environment

In the United States, the number of ORV users since 1972 has climbed sevenfold—from five million to 36 million in 2000.[7] Government policies that protect wilderness but also allow recreational ORV use have been the subject of some debate within the United States and other countries.[8]

All trail and off-trail activities impact natural vegetation and wildlife, which can lead to erosion and invasive species, habitat loss, and ultimately species loss,[9][10] which decreases an ecosystem's ability to maintain homeostasis. [11] ORVs cause greater stress to the environment than foot traffic alone, and ORV operators who attempt to test their vehicles against natural obstacles can do significantly more damage then those who follow legal trails.[12][13] Illegal use of off-road vehicles (ORV) has been identified as a serious land management problem ranked with dumping garbage and other forms of vandalism.[14] Many user organizations, such as Tread Lightly! and the Sierra Club, publish and encourage appropriate trail ethics.[15]

ORVs have also been criticized for producing more pollution in areas that might normally have none. In addition to noise pollution that can cause hearing impairment and stress in wildlife,[16] according to the U.S. Forest Service, old-style two-stroke engines (no longer a component of new off-road vehicles, although some are still in use) "emit about 20 to 33 percent of the consumed fuel through the exhaust" and "discharge from two-stroke snowmobile engines can lead to indirect pollutant deposition into the top layer of snow and subsequently into the associated surface and ground water."[17][18] In 2002, the United States Environmental Protection Agency‎ adopted emissions standards for all-terrain vehicles that "when fully implemented in 2012... are expected to prevent the release of more than two million tons of air pollution each year -- the equivalent of removing the pollution from more than 32 million cars every year."[19][20]

Off Road Vehicle Erosion

Negative environmental effects caused by a motorcycle to a portion of the Los Padres National Forest.

Negative environmental effects that occured when off-road vehicle drivers deliberately left the posted trail. Anza-Borrego Desert State Park.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Off-Road Vehicle Act" (Web). New Brunswick Acts and regulations. Attorney General, New Brunswick, Canada. Assented to June 27, 1985. http://www.gnb.ca/acts/acts/o-01-5.htm. Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
  2. ^ MiG-registeret
  3. ^ Pakistan Military Consortium
  4. ^ Rodney E. Slater (U.S. Transportation Secretary) (April 9, 1998). "Secretary Slater Proposes New Label; Warning of Rollover Danger for Sport Utility Vehicles." (Web). News Release. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. http://www.dot.gov/affairs/1998/nht1898.htm. Retrieved on 2007-05-17.
  5. ^ C Johnson, Physicist, Physics Degree from Univ of Chicago (April 25, 2007). "The Physics of SUV Rollover Accidents" (Web). This presentation will describe the physics (and math) of what occurs, for NON-physicist-types!. Public Service Projects Index. http://mb-soft.com/public/rollover.html. Retrieved on 2007-05-19.
  6. ^ a b Jeffrey W. Runge, M.D. (Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) (February 26, 2003). "The Honorable Jeffrey W. Runge, M.D. Administrator National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Before the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation United States Senate" (Web). Testimony before the Committee on Commerce, Science, And Transportation, United States Senate. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/nhtsa/announce/testimony/SUVtestimony02-26-03.htm. Retrieved on 2007-05-17.
  7. ^ "Forest Service Rule Revs Up Off-Road Vehicle Fight" (Web). Article. Environment News Service (ENS). July 8, 2004. http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jul2004/2004-07-08-04.asp. Retrieved on 2007-06-24.
  8. ^ van Wagtendonk, Jan W. (2003). "Role of Science in Sustainable Management of Yosemite Wilderness" (PDF). USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-27. 2003. USDA Forest Service. http://www.werc.usgs.gov/yosemite/pdfs/van%20Wagtendonk%20(2003a).pdf. Retrieved on 2007-06-24.
  9. ^ Mojave lizard may rate protection - The U.S. will study whether the Mojave fringe-toed lizard, which scientists say is being damaged by off-road vehicles in its habitat, merits federal protection
  10. ^ Officials seek to protect desert reptile - Mojave fringe-toed lizard at risk from people in off-road vehicles
  11. ^ "Technical Notes" (PDF). Conserving Natural and Cultural Resources on Department of Defense Lands; Case Studies from the DoD Conservation Program (Page 13). US Department of Defense. 2004. http://www.fws.gov/endangered/DOD/Tech%20Notes.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-06-24.
  12. ^ Kristine Sowl and Rick Poetter (April 16, 2004). "Impact Analysis of Off-Road Vehicle Use for Subsistence Purposes on Refuge: Lands and Resources Adjacent to the King Cove Access Project" (PDF). Izembek National Wildlife Refuge (page 6). US Fish and wildlife services Alaska. http://izembek.fws.gov/impanalysis.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-06-24.
  13. ^ "Recreation Management Goals and Strategies" (PDF). Capitol State Forest Recreation and Public Use Plan—Part II (Page 45). Washington State Department of Natural Resources. http://www.dnr.wa.gov/htdocs/lm/recreation/capitolforest/plan/pdf/f2_part2.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-06-24.
  14. ^ "Chapter 11. Field Management Status" (Web). Land Management (11.5.2 Identified Concerns of the Parks Department). Central Pine Barrens Joint Planning and Policy Commission. http://pb.state.ny.us/cpb_plan_vol2/vol2_chapter11.htm. Retrieved on 2007-06-24.
  15. ^ "Codes of Ethics Advocated by Groups Outside of Ontario" (Web). Trail Ethics. Trent University. January 16, 2007. http://www.trentu.ca/academic/trailstudies/moreethics.html. Retrieved on 2007-06-24.
  16. ^ The Impacts of Off-Road Vehicle Noise on Wildlife
  17. ^ United States Forest Service - Environment and Effects
  18. ^ [http://wilderness.org/content/addressing-ecological-effects-road-vehicles Addressing the Ecological Effects of Off-Road Vehicles]
  19. ^ "New Air Pollution Rules Target Off Road Vehicles" (Web). Article. Environment News Service (ENS). September 17, 2002. http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/sep2002/2002-09-17-06.asp. Retrieved on 2007-06-24.
  20. ^ "Final Rule for Cleaner Large Industrial Spark-Ignition Engines, Recreational Marine Diesel Engines, and Recreational Vehicles" (Web). US Environmental Protection Agency. March 6, 2006. http://www.epa.gov/otaq/cleanrec.htm. Retrieved on 2007-06-24.
Off-roading Topics
Types of off-roading

Off-road racing · Green laning · Desert racing · Dune bashing · Enduro · Mud bogging · Motocross · Observed trials Rally raid · Rock crawling ·
Off-road vehicles

All-terrain vehicle · Dirt Bike · Dual-sport motorcycle · Dune buggy · Enduro motorcycle · Four-wheel drive · Monster Truck · Rock crawler · Sandrail · Trials motorcycle · Trophy Truck · Truggy UTV ·
Off-road Related

List of off-roading organizations · Off road park · Xtreme 4x4 · Trucks!

Categories: Off-road vehicles | Off-roading

 

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